Known genetic risk for Alzheimer's in whites also places blacks at risk

Dr. Natalie Sachs-Ericsson. Phone Number: 644-4576 Email : sachs@psy.fsu.edu, Dr. Natalie J. Sachs-Ericsson HomePage

A commonly recognized gene that places one at risk for Alzheimer's disease does not discriminate between blacks and whites, according to new research led by Florida State University. FSU Psychology Professor Natalie Sachs-Ericsson and graduate student Kathryn Sawyer have found that the gene APOE epsilon 4 allele is a risk factor for African-Americans as well as whites. Until now, it has been a mainstream belief that the gene is only a risk factor for whites.

"The results of our study have clear implications for research and treatment of Alzheimer's disease," Sachs-Ericsson said. "The APOE test might be used as one tool in identifying people who are at risk for Alzheimer's. We now know that African-Americans and Caucasians alike need to be considered for such risk assessments."

Sachs-Ericsson and Sawyer collaborated with Kristopher Preacher of the University of Kansas and Dan Blazer of Duke University Medical Center on the study. The study has been published online in the journal Gerontology.

The researchers' findings underscore the importance of including both blacks and whites in future studies that explore why the APOE genotype is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease, a progressive and fatal brain disease that causes problems with memory, thinking and behavior. By understanding the mechanism by which the genotype confers risk, scientists could potentially develop medicines that slow the progress of Alzheimer's or even prevent it, according to Sachs-Ericsson.

Sachs-Ericsson's team theorized that small sample sizes coupled with possible racial bias in measuring cognitive functioning may explain why some studies have failed to detect the effect of the APOE epsilon 4 allele on cognitive decline among blacks.

In addition, false-positive rates for dementia on standardized screening tests are higher for blacks than for whites when compared to neurologists' ratings of cognitive status, Sachs-Ericsson said, and those false positives may have obscured the influence of the gene on dementia. Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia.

Alleles are different variants of a gene. Everyone has the APOE gene, but what differs across people is which variant they happen to have: epsilon 2, epsilon 3 or epsilon 4. In addition, each person has two alleles of the gene—one from the mother and one from the father. Having at least one APOE epsilon 4 allele is a risk factor for Alzheimer's, but not everyone who has it will develop the disease, Sachs-Ericsson said. And some people who develop Alzheimer's do not have the allele.

"While having the APOE epsilon 4 allele increases the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease, APOE genotype alone is not enough to predict the disease," she said. "We don't understand why the allele predicts Alzheimer's in some but not others. There may be other biological or genetic causes or even environmental factors, such as diet, that determine whether the allele will lead to Alzheimer's. We need a better understanding of what these factors are and whether they affect African Americans and Caucasians equally."

The researchers used data from the Duke Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly. To determine genotype, DNA samples were collected through blood or cheek swabs from 2,076 people 65 or older.

In the study, participants were divided into two groups: those who had at least one APOE epsilon 4 allele and those who had no epsilon 4 allele. Cognitive errors on a standardized test were measured in four in-person interviews over a 10-year period ending in 1997. Those with the gene—both blacks and whites—made increasingly more cognitive errors over time on a questionnaire that assessed knowledge of items such as the day, date and current president than those without the gene.

To view the article, "Racial Differences in the Influence of the APOE Epsilon 4 Allele on Cognitive Decline in a Sample of Community-Dwelling Older Adults," visit Gerontology.

Contact: Natalie Sachs-Ericsson sachs@psy.fsu.edu 850-644-4576 Florida State University

Tight blood pressure control not enough to temper kidney disease in African-Americans

Lawrence J. Appel Professor of Medicine; Core Faculty, Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, The Johns Hopkins University. Joint Departmental Affiliations: Epidemiology and International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health. Academic Degrees: AB, Dartmouth College, 1977; MD, New York University School of Medicine, 1981; MPH, Johns Hopkins University, 1989. Contact: E-mail: lappel@jhmi.edu Phone: (410) 955-4156, Fax: (410) 955-0476. Research and Professional Interests: Clinical investigation in cardiovascular disease, Hypertension. Link to Dr. Appel's publications: PubMed database

Other unknown factors at play in worsening this condition Even when their blood pressure is kept strictly under control with the best available medicine, African-American patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) continue to lose their kidney function over time, research led by a Johns Hopkins team shows. The finding suggests that treating CKD in this population may be vastly more complex than researchers had previously thought, with blood pressure control being only one piece of the therapeutic puzzle. The study, called AASK (African-American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension), is the longest to date focusing on blood pressure in patients with CKD. AASK followed 1,094 African-American patients with this condition for up to 11 years. Through a combination of medications, most of these patients kept their blood pressure in the recommended range for CKD, lower than 130/80. However, the vast majority still went on to develop steadily worsening kidney function, often leading to dialysis, kidney transplantation, or death. “Kidney disease still progressed at an alarming rate, even when our participants received outstanding medical care for their high blood pressure,” says study leader Lawrence Appel, M.D., professor of medicine at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. “Blood pressure is important, but it’s not the whole picture. We still have a long way to go in figuring out the best way to treat patients with CKD.”

Appel and his colleagues at 21 clinical centers across the country chose to focus their study on African Americans, who suffer disproportionately from kidney disease associated with high blood pressure. In whites, high blood pressure causes about 19 percent of all end-stage renal disease cases, in which kidneys have essentially lost their function. In African-Americans, the corresponding figure is about 37 percent.

Researchers aren’t sure why high blood pressure often leads to CKD. The prevailing theory is that high pressure strains delicate tufts of capillaries known as glomeruli, which filter blood and create urine in kidneys.

To investigate whether keeping blood pressure low would slow or possibly stop CKD progression, the researchers designed their study in two phases; the first would take place between February 1995 and September 2001, and the second between October 2001 and June 2007.

In the first phase, the researchers randomly assigned all 1,094 patients to one of three drugs commonly used to lower blood pressure-an ACE inhibitor, a ?-blocker, or a calcium channel blocker. Each patient was also assigned to one of two blood pressure goals-a standard goal (about 140/90 or lower), and a more aggressive goal (130/80 or lower). The researchers tracked each patient’s blood pressure and kidney function, determined through blood and urine tests, as well as their overall health.

At the end of the first phase, the researchers found that about a third of the patients had lost at least half their kidney function, developed end-stage renal disease, or died, even though almost all of the patients were well within their blood pressure goals. Of the remaining patients, the scientists recruited 759 to continue on to the study’s next phase, in which they capitalized on what they’d learned so far. Early findings from the first phase showed that the ACE inhibitor worked better than the other treatments, so the remaining patients began taking that drug. They were also given the more aggressive blood pressure goal of 130/80.

“Kidney disease still progressed at an alarming rate, even when our participants received outstanding medical care for their high blood pressure,” says study leader Lawrence Appel, M.D., professor of medicine at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. “Blood pressure is important, but it’s not the whole picture. We still have a long way to go in figuring out the best way to treat patients with CKD.”

Appel and his colleagues at 21 clinical centers across the country chose to focus their study on African Americans, who suffer disproportionately from kidney disease associated with high blood pressure. In whites, high blood pressure causes about 19 percent of all end-stage renal disease cases, in which kidneys have essentially lost their function. In African-Americans, the corresponding figure is about 37 percent.

Researchers aren’t sure why high blood pressure often leads to CKD. The prevailing theory is that high pressure strains delicate tufts of capillaries known as glomeruli, which filter blood and create urine in kidneys.

To investigate whether keeping blood pressure low would slow or possibly stop CKD progression, the researchers designed their study in two phases; the first would take place between February 1995 and September 2001, and the second between October 2001 and June 2007.

In the first phase, the researchers randomly assigned all 1,094 patients to one of three drugs commonly used to lower blood pressure-an ACE inhibitor, a â-blocker, or a calcium channel blocker. Each patient was also assigned to one of two blood pressure goals-a standard goal (about 140/90 or lower), and a more aggressive goal (130/80 or lower). The researchers tracked each patient’s blood pressure and kidney function, determined through blood and urine tests, as well as their overall health.

At the end of the first phase, the researchers found that about a third of the patients had lost at least half their kidney function, developed end-stage renal disease, or died, even though almost all of the patients were well within their blood pressure goals. Of the remaining patients, the scientists recruited 759 to continue on to the study’s next phase, in which they capitalized on what they’d learned so far. Early findings from the first phase showed that the ACE inhibitor worked better than the other treatments, so the remaining patients began taking that drug. They were also given the more aggressive blood pressure goal of 130/80.

Over the next five years, the researchers again tracked patients’ blood pressure, kidney function, and overall health. However, regardless of their new and improved treatment, a third of these patients still lost at least half their kidney function, developed end-stage renal disease, or died.

These results, published in the April 28 Archives of Internal Medicine, shouldn’t discourage patients with CKD from continuing their blood pressure therapy, says Appel. “Outcomes would certainly be worse if they didn’t control their blood pressure,” he explains. However, he adds that the findings suggest that other factors beyond just blood pressure may be at play in worsening CKD. Blood pressure spikes at night, high salt intake, or exposure to heavy metals like lead or mercury may influence kidney disease progression. “Lots of different factors need examining,” says Appel.

He and his colleagues plan to investigate these additional factors in future studies. ###

This study was supported by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, the National Center for Minority Health and Health Disparities, and King Pharmaceuticals Company.

Another Hopkins researcher contributing to the study was Jeanne Charleston, R.N.

For more information, go to::

• hopkinsmedicine.org/gim/faculty/
• hopkinsmedicine.org/gim/

Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions Media Relations and Public Affairs Media Contact: Christen Brownlee 410-955-7832; cbrownlee@jhmi.edu

Rising Up a documentary on the civil rights era

Rising Up a documentary on the civil rights era Produced by William G. Thomas, Bill Reifenberger, and the University of Virginia (50 minutes)

Rising Up is a documentary film of the African American experience in the civil rights era. The film broadly covers the South, but concentrates on Virginia and follows major events with close, personal stories, including: Samuel W. Tucker's 1939 library sit-in, Irene Morgan's 1946 busing case before the Supreme Court, the school desegregation crisis in 1958-59, the 1960 sit-ins, the violence of Danville and Birmingham in 1963, and the resurgence of black voting and politics in 1965.

What made everyday people decide to take a stand in a time of transition and cultural conflict? This is the question at the heart of Rising Up. In asking it and answering it, the film hopes to bring a fresh perspective to the civil rights struggle.

These images from Rising Up are for press materials and use in print publications about the film. The images feature the confrontation on the court house steps in Danville, Virginia in the summer of 1963 between civil rights demonstrators and Danville police. All images courtesy of the Library of Virginia.

What makes this documentary fresh is that it includes recently uncovered local television news coverage of the events combined with interviews of participants seen in these old films. Rare footage from WDBJ and WSLS in Roanoke, Virginia, feature not only local participants but also such regional and national figures as Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth, John F. Kennedy, James J. Kilpatrick, Oliver Hill, Robert Zellner, and Roy Wilkins. It includes a rarely seen and remarkable NBC News debate between James J. Kilpatrick, Jr., a leading news editor in the South, and Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., on whether the sit-ins were justified.

It features, as well, a rarely seen speech from Rev. Dr. King on the violence at Danville in 1963. This film is also different because it is created from the perspectives of young people today. Rising Up is written, directed, narrated, filmed, and edited by a talented group of undergraduate students at the University of Virginia. Their remarkable approach to this history is evident in the visual storytelling and powerful images they assembled. The score includes original works by University of Virginia students and music from Sweet Honey and the Rock™. Rising Up takes viewers through a series of stories about how everyday Americans were moved to take a stand.

These images from Rising Up are for press materials and use in print publications about the film. The images feature the confrontation on the court house steps in Danville, Virginia in the summer of 1963 between civil rights demonstrators and Danville police. All images courtesy of the Library of Virginia.

Along the way it tells a stirring story of the history of the civil rights struggle, one that will inform, appeal to, and inspire viewers.

Rising Up:

• Virginia’s Civil Rights Movement - the African American experience in the civil rights era.
• Television News of the Civil Rights Era 1950-1970 - aims to collect, digitize, and present in streaming video format over the World Wide Web television news footage from the period.

For Program Broadcast Information Contact: Mr. John Felton Vice-President and General Manager WCVE Richmond PBS, The Community Ideas Stations 23 Sesame Street Richmond, VA 23235 jfelton@ideastations.org 804-560-8120

SCLC Places Archive at Emory

Participants, some carrying American flags, marching in the civil rights march from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama in 1965

Historical Records to Become Destination for Civil Rights Research Emory University and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) announced March 6 that the SCLC has placed its archive with Emory's Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library (MARBL).

"Emory is delighted to care for, catalog and share this unique intellectual resource with visitors from around the city and the world," says Emory Provost Earl Lewis. "SCLC played a signal role in the nation's struggles over civil rights. By helping to preserve that legacy we honor the past by connecting it to the present and the future."

"Placing the SCLC archive with Emory ensures that the organization's materials will enrich understanding of history, culture and non-violence for generations to come," says SCLC President Charles Steele.

The SCLC was co-founded in New Orleans, La., on Feb. 14, 1957, by Martin Luther King, Jr. and other African American leaders from across the South with the purpose of advancing the cause of racial equality. Its archive, contained in 1,100 boxes, is the second-largest collection placed with MARBL, surpassed in size only by the Sam Nunn congressional archive. The bulk of the SCLC materials date from 1968 to 1977, during the terms of SCLC's two longest-serving presidents: Ralph David Abernathy and Joseph Lowery.

The civil rights march from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama in 1965. Photograph shows some participants in the civil rights march sitting on a wall resting, one holds a placard which reads, "We march together, Catholics, Jews, Protestant, for dignity and brotherhood of all men under God, Now!"

SCLC Archive Photos Document Civil Rights Movement

Included in the archive are correspondence; press releases, speeches and other SCLC staff writings; SCLC publications; membership records; clippings and other collected print materials; photographs; audio cassette tapes; and videotapes.

Some highlights of the collection include:

• Photographs documenting aspects of the Civil Rights movement such as voter registration workshops, Freedom Summer and the Freedom Schools.

• A number of drafts of speeches by Ralph Abernathy and others, many heavily annotated in the hands of their authors.

• Thousands of sympathy cards and letters expressing grief and outrage at the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.

• Letters from individuals and organizations from across the nation seeking assistance in local political organization or help in dealing with violations of civil rights.

The archive will complement the SCLC papers, most pre-1968, that are held by the King Library and Archives at the King Center in Atlanta. They also will enhance the holdings of African American and civil rights collections throughout Atlanta.

SCLC and Emory Announce Archive Acquisition at Press Conference

• Video - Press Conference: Presentations
• Video - Press Conference: Q&A ###

The SCLC is nonprofit, non-sectarian, inter-faith, advocacy organization that is committed to non-violent action to achieve social, economic and political justice. The SCLC consists of local chapters and affiliates from around the world that supports the mission of the international organization, and work in their own communities to implement programs such as conflict resolution, voter registration, improvement of education and direct action against racial injustice. Established in 1957 by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and others, the SCLC is dedicated to promoting human rights throughout the United States and abroad.

The Emory University Libraries (www.web.library.emory.edu) in Atlanta and Oxford, Ga., are the intellectual commons of their campuses and their communities. They are dedicated to fostering courageous inquiry among students and scholars at Emory University, Oxford College and around the world. The nine libraries' holdings include more than 3.1 million print and electronic volumes, 40,000-plus electronic journals, and internationally renowned special collections.

Emory University (www.emory.edu) is one of the nation’s leading private research universities and a member of the Association of American Universities. Known for its demanding academics, outstanding undergraduate college of arts and sciences, highly ranked professional schools and state-of-the-art research facilities, Emory is ranked as one of the country's top 20 national universities by U.S. News & World Report. In addition to its nine schools, the university encompasses The Carter Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Emory Healthcare, the state's largest and most comprehensive health care system.

Contact: Elaine Justice of Emory University, 404-727-0643, elaine.justice@emory.edu. Contact: Keisha Ray of SCLC, 404-522-1420 ext. 23, keisharay_ray@yahoo.com

The papers of Annie Bethel Spencer go to the University of Virginia

The UVa Library's latest building, showing the Harrison Institute and skylights over the below-ground Small Special Collections Library. Alderman Library is on the right.

The papers of Annie Bethel Spencer (Lynchburg, Virginia) better known as Anne Spencer (1882-1975) one of the most important voices of the Harlem Renaissance literary period go to the University of Virginia's Small Special Collections Library. Anne Spencer acquisition

Ms. Spencer was an Black American poet and participant of the New Negro Movement.

She was the first Virginian and African-American to have poetry included in the Norton Anthology of American Poetry and is remembered as an activist for equality and educational opportunities.

During her long and productive life, Anne Spencer was recognized as a lyric poet of considerable talent. Since her death, she has attained fame not only as a writer, but as a cultural leader. Given that she was both black and female, her achievement of recognition from her intellectual peers was a remarkable feat.

Anne Spencer was born in February 1882 on a plantation in Henry County, Virginia. Her
father was a former slave, and her mother was the daughter of a former slave and a wealthy Virginia aristocrat. In 1886 she and her mother moved to Bramwell, West Virginia, where she lived until entering the Virginia Seminary and Normal School in Lynchburg in 1893. At the age of 17, she graduated as valedictorian of her class. In 1901 she married Edward Alexander Spencer, and the couple moved to the house on Pierce Street in Lynchburg.

Anne Spencer's devotion to the cause of cultural enlightenment for African Americans
was expressed in her local activities as librarian and educator and in the lively rapport she maintained with many of the nation's most noted black leaders. Among the prominent visitors to the house were Langston Hughes, Countee Cullen, Georgia Douglas Johnston, W. E. B. Du Bois, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Thurgood Marshall, and Adam Clayton Powell, Jr.

Anne Spencer House, Study, 1313 Pierce Street, Lynchburg, VA. Historic American Buildings Survey, Historic American Engineering Record.

The house and the small study in the garden where she worked were built largely by Edward Spencer. Both remain virtually undisturbed, containing original decorations, furniture, books, and personal belongings in place as Anne Spencer kept them. [B 12/6/76 NHL, 76002224] Anne Spencer House 1313 Pierce Street Lynchburg Listed: 1976-12-06 in PDFformat

• Lynchburg icon, poet Anne Spencer’s works turned over to UVa - VIDEO, Anne Spencer is considered one of the most important voices of the Harlem Renaissance literary period, from 1925-1935
• Modern American Poetry - Anne Spencer (1882-1975
• Anne Bethel Spencer - Once the world was young, For I was twenty and very old, And you and I knew all the answers

University of Virginia Library Acquires Papers of Civil Rights Leader Julian Bond

The University of Virginia Library has acquired the personal papers of civil rights activist, former Georgia state senator and representative, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) chairman, and university professor Julian Bond.

One of the first African Americans to reach national prominence in politics, Bond began his political career in as a founder of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), known for its voter registration drives in the South.

The collection holds 47,000 items, including photographs, recordings, and drafts of more than three hundred speeches. It contains Bond’s correspondence with influential civil rights activists, and memorabilia from the many organizations, schools, and events that he supported. The collection also chronicles Bond’s service in the Georgia General Assembly, and documents his 1976 presidential run and leadership of the NAACP. The papers complement the Library’s existing collection of records of the Southern Elections Fund, an early political action committee that Bond founded to aid the election of rural Southern black candidates.

“The Bond Papers give us a fascinating picture of an extraordinary life,” said Karin Wittenborg, University Librarian. “The collection is a wonderful addition to the study of history and the civil rights movement here at U.Va., and I look forward to seeing them used by students and faculty.”

“I am overjoyed that my papers have found a home at the University of Virginia Library,” said Mr. Bond. “The University is where I’ve spent the bulk of my academic career and where scholarship of the civil rights era is valued. I hope scholars and students will find the Bond papers a useful resource in helping shape future thinking about the civil rights era.”

The holder of twenty-five honorary degrees, Bond is a Professor in the Corcoran Department of History at the University of Virginia and a Distinguished Scholar in Residence at American University in Washington, D.C. In 2002, he received the Freedom Award from the National Civil Rights Museum. The Bond Papers are described in the Library’s online catalog and can be viewed in the Albert and Small Special Collections Library on U.Va.’s central Grounds. ###

RELATED:

• Descriptions of the Julian Bond Papers in the Library’s online catalog (search on “Julian Bond Papers”): virgo.lib.virginia.edu/
• Information on the Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library: lib.virginia.edu/small/
• Library Hours: lib.virginia.edu/hours/

Press Contact: Charlotte Morford, Dir. of Communications, U.Va. Library 434) 924-7041, cwm6z@virginia.edu

Mother's obesity a factor in newborn deaths for blacks, not whites, new study reports

Hamisu M. Salihu, MD, PhD, Associate Professor. Epidemiology & Biostatistics Dr. Hamisu Salihu received his MD from University of Saarland in Germany in 1995. He earned his PhD from University of Saarland in Perinatology in 1996 and then got his PhD from University of South Florida in Epidemiology 2001. He came to us from the University of Alabama at Birmingham where he served as Associate Professor in the Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology.

A study led by the University of South Florida sheds new light on obesity’s role in the black-white gap in infant mortality. While maternal obesity appears to have no impact on the early survival of infants born to white women, the situation is different for black women, researchers report in the June 2008 issue of the journal Obstetrics & Gynecology. Infants of obese black mothers had a higher risk of death in the first 27 days following birth than newborns of obese white mothers, the researchers found. Furthermore, this black disadvantage in neonatal infant mortality widened with an increase in the body mass index (BMI). “Even if the infant of an obese black woman survives pregnancy, labor and delivery, that baby is at greater risk of dying than a baby born to an obese white woman,” said the study’s lead author Hamisu Salihu, MD, PhD, associate professor of epidemiology at the USF College of Public Health.

The researchers analyzed more than 1.4 million births recorded from Missouri’s vital records database, covering the period 1978 through 1997. The database linked black and white mother-infant pairs. Among all women, the likelihood of neonatal death (up to 27 days following death) and early neonatal death (up to six days following death) was 20 percent greater than for nonobese women, the researcher found.

Further analysis revealed that the higher risk of neonatal deaths among newborns of obese mothers was confined to blacks only. The rate of neonatal deaths increased significantly with rising BMIs of black women (ranging from 50 to 100-percent increments). However, the offspring of obese white mothers, regardless of the severity of maternal obesity, had no greater risk of neonatal death than the newborns of nonobese women.

The black-white disparity in infant mortality persisted even when the researchers adjusted for certain obesity-associated medical complications more prevalent in black women — high blood pressure, diabetes and preeclampsia.

“This further confirms our findings that high BMI is an independent risk factor for neonatal mortality among blacks but not whites,” Dr. Salihu said.

The researchers also controlled for the amount of prenatal care received since another possible explanation for the black-white disparity may be that obese white women have better access to prenatal care than black women. Their results suggested otherwise, but Dr. Salihu cautions that more study is needed. “We cannot dismiss access to care as a factor because the quantity of prenatal care does not take into account the quality of care received,” he said.

Dr. Salihu suggests that differences in the way fat is distributed in white and black women may play a role in their newborns’ survival. Studies have shown that fat tucked deep inside the waistline may be worse for adults’ health than fat padding the rest of the body. “If we can understand more about the potential association between fat distribution in mothers and likelihood of death in their babies, we might have an avenue for prevention and narrowing the persistent black-white gap in infant mortality,” he said.

The latest study builds on another published last year by Dr. Salihu and colleagues, which reported that the risk for obesity-associated stillbirth was 50 percent greater among blacks than whites.

Dr. Salihu is director of the Center for Research and Evaluation at the Chiles Center for Healthy Mothers and Babies at USF. The study was supported by a young clinical scientist award to Dr. Salihu by the Flight Attendant Medical Research Institute. Researchers from UMDNJ School of Public Health in New Jersey and the University of Alabama in Birmingham were coauthors of the study.

USF Health is dedicated to creating a model of health care based on understanding the full spectrum of health. It includes the University of South Florida’s colleges of medicine, nursing, and public health; the schools of biomedical sciences as well as physical therapy & rehabilitation sciences; and the USF Physicians Group. With $308 million in research funding last year, USF is one of the nation’s top 63 public research universities and one of Florida’s top three research universities.

Contact: Anne DeLotto Baier abaier@health.usf.edu 813-974-3300 University of South Florida Health

Black patients with terminal cancer more likely to choose aggressive care at end of life

Holly Gwen Prigerson, PhD. Dana-Farber Cancer Institute. 44 Binney Street. Shields Warren 440A. Boston, MA 02115. Office phone: (617) 632-2369. Appointment phone: (617) 632-2369. Fax: (617) 582-8017, E-mail: Holly_Prigerson@dfci.harvard.edu Dr. Prigerson has studied psychosocial factors that influence the quality of life and care received by terminally ill patients and factors influencing caregiver adjustment both before and after the death of a loved one since her dissertation work at Stanford in the late 1980s. She completed a postdoctoral fellowship in the Epidemiology of Aging at Yale University and then was funded by the NIMH for a K-award to study psychosocial factors in bereavement-related depression while an Assistant Professor of Psychiatry at Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic in Pittsburgh. Dr. Prigerson moved to Dana-Farber Cancer Institute to assume leadership of the Center for Psychooncology and Palliative Care Research, with an academic appointment as Associate Professor of Psychiatry at Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School. She is now involved with a wide variety of research projects including intervention studies for Complicated Grief, a study to improve the cardiovascular health of recently bereaved cancer patient caregivers, and the factors influencing equanimity in the acknowledgement of terminal illness.

CHICAGO—Black patients with advanced cancer were more likely than whites to die in a hospital intensive care unit, reflecting a greater preference among blacks for life-extending treatment even in the face of a terminal prognosis, according to a study led by researchers at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute in Boston. The findings (abstract 6506) will be presented at the annual meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology in Chicago on Monday, June 2, 3 - 6 p.m. CT, South Building, Hall100B. The report included interview data showing that blacks more often answered yes to questions such as, "Would you want the doctors here to do everything they can to keep you alive, even if you were going to die in a day or two?" "This is the first study focused on black/white differences that prospectively asked [terminal cancer patients] what kind of care they wanted at the end of life, and then documented the kind of care they actually received and the place of their death," said Elizabeth Trice, MD, PhD, of Dana-Farber, lead author. Although they ruled out a number of possible explanations for the black/white differences, the investigators weren't able to identify precisely why blacks tended to prefer more-aggressive care. "There is something different about the way black patients and white patients approach the end of life," Trice said, which may be based in cultural attitudes, religious beliefs, and how thoroughly they have been informed about and comprehend their prognosis, among other things. Data on the preferences was obtained from the Coping with Cancer study led by Holly Prigerson, PhD, director of the Center for Psycho-social Oncology and Palliative Care Research at Dana-Farber and an associate professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School. That study is recruiting 800 cancer patients and their informal caregivers, such as family members. The researchers recorded the location of death for 231 white and 61 black patients who had stage IV metastatic cancer, and who had been interviewed when they entered the study. Black patients were over four times more likely to die in a hospital ICU than white patients, they found.

The researchers, using multivariable models, found that the increased likelihood of dying in the ICU for black compared to white patients was not explained by differences in education, physical or mental health, insurance, social support, doctor-patient communication, or advance care planning, when taking into account the patient's own preference for more-aggressive care. It was clear that a patient's preference for aggressive care was the strongest factor in predicting death in an ICU.

In their initial interviews, black patients reported having a higher quality of life than their white counterparts and appeared more at peace, Trice said, which could be a factor in opting for a treatment plan aimed at extending life.

Prigerson, the senior author of the study, said the crucial question to be explored is whether the treatment preferences that explain the black/white disparities in ICU death are informed preferences or not. Toward that end, Trice has developed a research tool for assessing patients' knowledge of risks and benefits of life-extending therapies. If further research determines that blacks and whites are not equally well-informed about these risks and benefits, interventions aimed at eliminating this disparity should be considered, said the scientists. ###

The study's co-authors are Matthew Nilsson, Alexi Wright, MD, Tracy Balboni, MD, K. "Vish" Viswanath, PhD, and Karen Emmons, PhD, of Dana-Farber; Susan DeSanto-Madeya, RN, DNS, of the University of Massachusetts, Boston; and M. Elizabeth Paulk, MD, and Heather Stieglitz, PhD, of the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas.

Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (www.dana-farber.org) is a principal teaching affiliate of the Harvard Medical School and is among the leading cancer research and care centers in the United States. It is a founding member of the Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center (DF/HCC), designated a comprehensive cancer center by the National Cancer Institute.

Contact: Bill Schaller william_schaller@dfci.harvard.edu 617-632-5357 Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

African-American veterans are less likely to adhere to CPAP than caucasian or Asian veterans

"Above and Beyond the Call of Duty." Dorie Miller with his Navy Cross at Pearl Harbor, May 27, 1942. Color-offset poster. Prints and Photographs Division. Reproduction Number: LC-USZC4-2328 (8-10)

WESTCHESTER, Ill. – African-American war veterans are significantly less likely to adhere to continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) than Caucasian or Asian veterans, according to a research abstract that will be presented on Monday at SLEEP 2008, the 22nd Annual Meeting of the Associated Professional Sleep Societies(APSS). The study, authored by Skai W. Schwartz, of the University of South Florida, focused on 1,486 patients who were prescribed and tried CPAP between 2003-2007. Adherence information was captured on a data card by a CPAP micro-recording device. Patients were asked to return cards by mail at one month, one year and two years. Adherence was defined as percentage of days that the device was used for four or more hours.

According to the results, African-Americans were significantly less likely to use CPAP than Caucasians at all time points, as well as Asians.

“Given the importance of CPAP adherence, research into physical characteristics (e.g., anatomical versus obese etiology) or cultural differences may be warranted to explain the disparity,” said Schwartz.

First introduced as a treatment option for sleep apnea in 1981, CPAP is the most common and effective treatment for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). CPAP provides a steady stream of pressurized air to patients through a mask that they wear during sleep. This airflow keeps the airway open, preventing the pauses in breathing that characterize sleep apnea and restoring normal oxygen levels.

On average, most adults need seven to eight hours of nightly sleep to feel alert and well-rested.

The American Academy of Sleep Medicine AASM) offers the following tips on how to get a good night’s sleep:

* Follow a consistent bedtime routine.
* Establish a relaxing setting at bedtime.
* Get a full night’s sleep every night.
* Avoid foods or drinks that contain caffeine, as well as any medicine that has a stimulant, prior to bedtime.
* Do not go to bed hungry, but don’t eat a big meal before bedtime either.
* Avoid any rigorous exercise within six hours of your bedtime.
* Make your bedroom quiet, dark and a little bit cool.
* Get up at the same time every morning.

Those who think they might have OSA, or another sleep disorder, are urged to consult with their primary care physician or a sleep specialist.

CPAP Central (www.SleepEducation.com/CPAPCentral), a Web site created by the AASM, provides the public with comprehensive, accurate and reliable information about CPAP. CPAP Central includes expanded information about OSA and CPAP, including how OSA is diagnosed, the function of CPAP, the benefits of CPAP and an overview of what to expect when beginning CPAP, the position of experts on CPAP, and tools for success. CPAP Central also features an interactive slide set that educates the public about the warning signs of OSA.

The annual SLEEP meeting brings together an international body of 5,000 leading researchers and clinicians in the field of sleep medicine to present and discuss new findings and medical developments related to sleep and sleep disorders.

More than 1,150 research abstracts will be presented at the SLEEP meeting, a joint venture of the AASM and the Sleep Research Society. The three-and-a-half-day scientific meeting will bring to light new findings that enhance the understanding of the processes of sleep and aid the diagnosis and treatment of sleep disorders such as insomnia, narcolepsy and sleep apnea.

SleepEducation.com, a patient education Web site created by the AASM, provides information about various sleep disorders, the forms of treatment available, recent news on the topic of sleep, sleep studies that have been conducted and a listing of sleep facilities.

Abstract Title: Demographic Predictors of CPAP Adherence Among Veterans. Presentation Date: Monday, June 9. Category: Sleep Related Breathing Disorders. Abstract ID: 0556
Lead Author: Skai Schwartz. Contact: W. McDowell Anderson, MD. Phone: Cell - (813) 972-7543. E-mail: william.anderson@med.va.gov # # #

Contact: Kathleen McCann kmccann@aasmnet.org 708-492-0930 American Academy of Sleep Medicine

Racial disparities exist among diabetes patients treated by the same physician

Harvard Medical School. Department of Health Care Policy. 180 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115-5899, E-mail Thomas D. Sequist, MD, MPH. Phone: 1 617-432-3447, Fax: 1 617-432-3696. Thomas D. Sequist, MD, MPH, is an assistant professor of medicine and of health care policy at Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital. He currently practices general internal medicine at Harvard Vanguard Medical Associates. Thomas D. Sequist, MD, MPH

Black patients with diabetes are less likely than white patients to achieve long-term control of their blood glucose, blood cholesterol and blood pressure levels, even when they are treated by the same physician, according to a report in the June 9 issue of Archives of Internal Medicine, one of the JAMA/Archives journals. Racial disparities in the quality of diabetes care have been previously documented, according to background information in the article. Black patients with diabetes are less likely to receive recommended components of care, including hemoglobin A1C testing (HbA1C, a measure of blood glucose control over time) and lipid testing, and to achieve treatment goals, such as controlled blood pressure, cholesterol and blood glucose levels. In addition, black patients are more likely than white patients to develop diabetes-related eye and kidney disease and to have amputations of their lower extremities. "Identifying the underlying reasons and potential solutions for these differences in quality of care and outcomes is a high priority," the authors write. Thomas D. Sequist, M.D., M.P.H., of Harvard Vanguard Medical Associates, Boston, and colleagues analyzed electronic medical records from 4,556 white patients and 2,258 black patients with diabetes treated by 90 primary care physicians in eastern Massachusetts.

Each physician treated at least five black patients and five white patients; all patients were age 18 or older and had visited the physician within the last two years.

Black patients and white patients received tests of low-density lipoprotein (LDL or "bad") cholesterol and HbA1C at similar rates. However, white patients were more likely than black patients to reach commonly accepted benchmarks for controlled levels of HbA1C (47 percent vs. 39 percent), LDL cholesterol (57 percent vs. 45 percent) and blood pressure (30 percent vs. 24 percent).

"Patient sociodemographic factors explained 13 percent to 38 percent of the racial differences in these measures, whereas within-physician effects accounted for 66 percent to 75 percent of the differences," the authors write. "Thus, racial differences in outcomes were not related to black patients differentially receiving care from physicians who provide a lower quality of care, but rather that black patients experienced less ideal or even adequate outcomes than white patients within the same physician panel."

The variation in diabetes care was not related to overall performance or the volume of black patients treated by individual physicians, the authors note. "Our data suggest that the problem of racial disparities is not characterized by only a few physicians providing markedly unequal care, but that such differences in care are spread across the entire system, requiring the implementation of system-wide solutions," they write. "Efforts to eliminate these disparities, including race-stratified performance reports and programs to enhance care for minority patients, should be addressed to all physicians."

Editor's Note: This study was funded by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Finding Answers: Disparities Research for Change National Program. Dr. Sequist serves as a consultant on the Aetna External Advisory Committee for Racial and Ethnic Equality. Co-author Dr. Ayanian serves as a consultant to RTI International and DxCG Inc. Please see the article for additional information, including other authors, author contributions and affiliations, financial disclosures, funding and support, etc.

Editorial: Results Offer Opportunity for Physician Leadership

"The findings presented by Sequist et al build nicely on prior work and are important and provocative," writes Carolyn Clancy, M.D., of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, Md., in an accompanying editorial.

"They now have an opportunity to examine physicians' reactions and how care changes when physicians are provided feedback on their performance," Dr. Clancy writes. "Eliminating disparities in health care will require that all patients have access to care, as well as physician leadership to assure that the care provided is evidence-based, patient-centered, effective, consistent and equitable."

(Arch Intern Med. 2008;168[11]:1145-1151. Available pre-embargo to the media at www.jamamedia.org.) ###

Contact: Leah Gourley 617-695-9555 JAMA and Archives Journals

Aaron Douglas: African American Modernist

Smithsonian American Art Museum Presents the First Major Retrospective of African American Modernist Aaron Douglas

“Aaron Douglas: African American Modernist,” on view at the Smithsonian American Art Museum May 9 through Aug. 3, presents the first nationally touring retrospective of Aaron Douglas (1899–1979), one of the most influential visual artists of the Harlem Renaissance. Douglas vividly captured the spirit of his time and established a new black aesthetic and vision. Preview Images and Captions (Adobe Acrobat PDF file, 73K)

Douglas’ forceful ideas about social change and distinctive artistic forms produced a powerful visual legacy through paintings, murals and illustrations for books and progressive journals and made a lasting impact on American modernism.

Aaron Douglas, Aspiration, 1936, Oil on canvas, Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, Museum. purchase from the estate of Thurlow E. Tibbs Jr., the Museum Auxiliary, American Art Trust Fund, Unrestricted Art Trust Fund, and private donations from the people of the Bay Area

This exhibition brings together more than 80 rarely seen works by the artist, including paintings, prints, drawings and illustrations. Susan Earle, curator of European and American art at the Spencer Museum of Art, organized the exhibition; Virginia Mecklenburg, senior curator at the Smithsonian American Art Museum, is the coordinating curator.

Aaron Douglas, Noah’s Ark, 1935, Oil on Masonite, Fisk University Galleries, Nashville

“Aaron Douglas was an extraordinarily influential figure who was one of the first artists to place African American culture at the center of modern art,” said Elizabeth Broun, The Margaret and Terry Stent Director at the Smithsonian American Art Museum. “It is a great privilege to host this important exhibition at the Smithsonian American Art Museum, which has one of the largest pioneering collections of African American art in the United States.” The exhibition is presented in Washington, D.C., under the gracious patronage of Mayor Adrian M. Fenty and first lady Michelle Fenty.

“It is fitting that this nationally touring examination of Aaron Douglas’ career and his legacy is on view in Washington, D.C.,” said Fenty, mayor of the District of Columbia. “This city also played an important role in the renaissance of African American culture, with such legendary figures as Duke Ellington calling it home.”

Aaron Douglas, The Negro Speaks of Rivers (for Langston Hughes), 1941, Pen/ink on paper, Courtesy of the Walter O. Evans Collection/SCAD Museum of Art

Douglas arrived in New York City at a time when avant-garde artists, writers, intellectuals and activists were redefining culture. This New Negro movement, also known as the Harlem Renaissance, energized Douglas,

and he became one of its most influential members. Douglas and his fellow artists were inspired by the progressive professor of philosophy Alain Locke, a leading figure who taught at historic Howard University in Washington, D.C.

Douglas combined angular cubist rhythms and a seductive Art Deco dynamism with traditional African and African American imagery to develop a radically new visual vocabulary. His distinctive style with silhouetted forms and fractured space expressed both the harsh realities of African American life and hope for a better future.

Some of the artist’s most important works were mural commissions. He received his first major commission in 1930 for a series of murals for the new library at Fisk University in Nashville, Tenn. He chose subjects that he hoped would promote black identity and a sense of dignity among the students. In 1934, he was commissioned by the Public Works of Art Project to create a mural at the 135th Street branch of the New York Public Library. The four panels of “Aspects of Negro Life” reveal the bold modernist risks Douglas was willing to take when regionalism was the norm. His unique visual style, which drew from African, cubist and constructivist motifs, presented an allegorical representation of issues central to African American history and contemporary life.

“Aaron Douglas’ legacy is not only the body of work he left for future generations of artists and scholars to study,” said Mecklenburg. “His belief that artistic expression could be a bridge between African American and white culture, his courage to promote social change and his dedication to education truly make him ‘the father of black American art.’”

Born to laborer parents in Topeka, Kan., Douglas (1899–1979) overcame many obstacles to pursue his passion for art and ideas. After earning a bachelor’s degree in fine arts from the University of Nebraska in 1922, Douglas taught art at Lincoln High School in Kansas City, Mo. In 1925, he decided to move to New York City, inspired in part by an article in the magazine Survey Graphic, titled “Harlem: Mecca of the New Negro,” to join the flourishing cultural scene known as the Harlem Renaissance. During this exciting period, he met Alain Locke, a literary critic and philosopher who is considered the architect of the Harlem Renaissance; writer Zora Neale Hurston; photographer Carl Van Vechten; and prominent intellectual leader and activist W. E. B. Du Bois. He was a frequent contributor in the 1920s to the National Urban League’s journal Opportunity and to the NAACP’s journal the Crisis. Noted writers, such as Countee Cullen and Langston Hughes, collaborated with Douglas. In 1935, Douglas, who was politically active, became the first president of the Harlem Artists Guild. In 1938, he returned to Fisk as an assistant professor and began teaching full time in 1940. He received a master’s degree in art from the Teachers College at Columbia University in 1944. Douglas continued to teach at Fisk until his retirement in 1966. He died in 1979.

A major symposium was scheduled for Friday, May 9, from 1 to 5 p.m. Participating scholars were Richard Powell, professor of art and art history at Duke University; Amy Kirschke, associate professor of art history at the University of North Carolina, Wilmington; Renée Ater, assistant professor at the University of Maryland; and Earle. Kinshasha Holman Conwill, deputy director of the Smithsonian’s National Museum of African American History and Culture, will moderate, and University of Maryland Professor Emeritus David Driskell will deliver the keynote address.

A wide array of free public programs is being offered at the museum in conjunction with the exhibition, including gallery talks, films, performances, family programs and lectures. Details and complete program descriptions are available online at americanart.si.edu and in a separate press release.

A major monograph on Douglas accompanies the exhibition with an introduction by Conwill; essays by a number of prominent scholars, including Ater, Driskell, Earle, Kirscheke and Powell; and a chronology of Douglas’ life. It is available for $45 (softcover) in the museum store.

The final venue for the national tour is the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture in New York City (Aug. 30 – Nov. 30).

“Aaron Douglas: African American Modernist” was organized by the Spencer Museum of Art at the University of Kansas in Lawrence. The exhibition and accompanying catalog are made possible, in part, with support from the Henry Luce Foundation and the National Endowment for the Arts. The Diane and Norman Bernstein Foundation Inc. and PEPCO are proud to partner with the Smithsonian American Art Museum on the exhibition in Washington, D.C.

The Smithsonian American Art Museum celebrates the vision and creativity of Americans with approximately 41,000 artworks in all media spanning more than three centuries. Its National Historic Landmark building, a dazzling showcase for American art and portraiture, is located at Eighth and F streets N.W. in the heart of a revitalized downtown arts district. Museum hours are 11:30 a.m. to 7 p.m. daily, except Dec. 25. Admission is free. Metrorail station: Gallery Place/Chinatown (Red, Yellow and Green lines). Smithsonian Information: (202) 633-1000; (202) 633-5285 (TTY). Museum information (recorded): (202) 633-7970. Web site: americanart.si.edu. # # #

Note to editors: Selected high-resolution images for publicity only may be downloaded from ftp://saam-press@ftp.si.edu. Call (202) 633-8530 for the password. Additional information about the exhibition is available from the museum’s online press room at americanart.si.edu/press.

Media only: Laura Baptiste (202) 633-8494, Amy Hutchins (202) 633-8497 Media Web site: americanart.si.edu/press

Decline in U.S. Manufacturing Hurts African Americans Disproportionately

John Schmitt is a senior economist with the Center for Economic and Policy Research in Washington, DC. He has written extensively on economic inequality, unemployment, the new economy, the welfare state, and other topics for both academic and popular audiences. He has also worked as a consultant for national and international organizations including the American Center for International Labor Solidarity, the Global Policy Network, the International Labor Organization, the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America, and others. Schmitt's research has focused primarily on inequality in the US labor market and the role of labor-market institutions in explaining international differences in economic performance, particularly between the United States and Europe. Schmitt has co-authored (with Lawrence Mishel and Jared Bernstein) three editions of The State of Working America (Cornell University Press). He has also contributed to The American Prospect, The Boston Review, Challenge, The Guardian, The International Herald Tribune, The Washington Post, and other newspapers and magazines.

Washington DC -- African-American workers have been particularly hard hit by the decline in U.S. manufacturing, according to a study by the Center for Economic and Policy Research (CEPR). In 1979, almost one-in-four black workers in the United States had a manufacturing job. Today, fewer than one-in-ten black workers are in manufacturing. The report, in PDF format "The Decline in African-American Representation in Unions and Manufacturing, 1979-2007," by senior economist John Schmitt and senior research associate Ben Zipperer, details the simultaneous sharp decline in both black employment in manufacturing and the unionization rates of black workers. "Manufacturing jobs, particularly unionized jobs in the auto industry, were an important part of what built the black middle class after World War II," said John Schmitt, a co-author of the report. Today, only 15.7 percent of all black workers are union members or covered by a union contract at their workplace. Twenty-five years ago, that share was 31.7 percent. Part of the reason for the decline in unionization among African Americans is the decline in U.S. manufacturing. But even within manufacturing, unionization rates have been falling. On average, manufacturing workers are now no more likely to be in a union than workers in the rest of the economy. The study, which analyzed data from the Census Bureau's Current Population Survey, found that the share of African Americans in manufacturing jobs fell from 23.9 percent in 1979 to 9.8 percent last year. From 1983 to 2007, unionization rates among African Americans dropped from 31.7 to 15.7 percent. Unionization rates also dropped among whites (from 22.2 to 13.5 percent) and Hispanics (24.2 to 10.8 percent) during the same period, but the declines were not as steep as those for African Americans. ### The Center for Economic and Policy Research is an independent, nonpartisan think tank that was established to promote democratic debate on the most important economic and social issues that affect people's lives. CEPR's Advisory Board of Economists includes Nobel Laureate economists Robert Solow and Joseph Stiglitz; Richard Freeman, Professor of Economics at Harvard University; and Eileen Appelbaum, Professor and Director of the Center for Women and Work at Rutgers University. Contact: Alan Barber, 202-293-5380 x115 WEB: Center for Economic and Policy Research 1611 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 400, Washington, DC 20009 | 202-293-5380

Contributions of Self-taught African American Artists to American Culture

Contributions of Self-taught African American Artists to American Culture, Celebrated in New Smithsonian Traveling Exhibition.

The range of artistic expressions by self-taught African American artists from the rural South and the urban North is explored in a new traveling exhibition from the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service. Culled from the American Folk Art Museum’s rich holdings, Ancestry and Innovation: African American Art from the American Folk Art Museum highlights complex and vibrant quilts, paintings, works on paper and sculpture by contemporary African American artists.

The exhibition, which originally debuted at the American Folk Art Museum in 2005, opens at Reynolda House Museum of Art in Winston-Salem, N.C., Feb. 2, 2008, where it will remain on view through April 13 before continuing on a five-city national tour through 2009.

Comprising nine quilts and nearly 30 works of art in various media, Ancestry and Innovation includes paintings by an elder generation of creators, such as David Butler, Sam Doyle, Bessie Harvey and Clementine Hunter; works by contemporary masters, such as Thornton Dial Sr.; and provocative pieces by emerging artists, such as Kevin Sampson and Willie LeRoy Elliot. Juxtaposed with richly patterned and graphically exciting quilts, the exhibition celebrates the ongoing contribution of black artists to the kaleidoscope of American cultural and visual experience.

“The unique presentation of vibrant quilts in conjunction with sculpture and painting enriches the viewer’s appreciation for the complexity and vitality of African American expression,” said Stacy C. Hollander, senior curator at the American Folk Art Museum. “This exhibition is an opportunity to showcase the range and depth of African American artworks in the museum’s collection,” noted Brooke Davis Anderson, director and curator of The Contemporary Center at the American Folk Art Museum.

Ancestry and Innovation was organized by the American Folk Art Museum in New York, and circulated by the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service. The exhibition was made possible by the generous support of MetLife Foundation.

The National Endowment for the Arts provided generous support to the American Folk Art Museum through its American Masterpieces: Three Centuries of Artistic Genius initiative.

Since its inception, the American Folk Art Museum has explored the creativity of African Americans through its exhibitions, collections and publications. Drawings, sculptures, paintings and quilts by black artists have become a vital part of the museum’s holdings, and 20th-century artists are represented through significant numbers of works.

Stacy C. Hollander, senior curator and director of exhibitions at the American Folk Art Museum, and Brooke Davis Anderson, director and curator of The Contemporary Center at the museum, are the curators of the exhibition.
Since its founding in 1961, the American Folk Art Museum has been one of the nation’s foremost resources for the study, collection, preservation and enjoyment of folk art. The museum is home to one of the world’s pre-eminent collections of folk art dating from the 17th century to the present, including paintings, sculpture, photography, textiles, ceramics and other decorative arts, as well as the work of contemporary self-taught artists from this country and abroad.

Ancestry and Innovation: African American Art from the American Folk Art Museum, classroom poster.

Activities for elementary-school students in social studies and the visual arts. Try making a qulit or using found objects to create works of art.

FREE. Download now in PDF format.

Ancestry and Innovation: African American Art from the American Folk Art Museum, exhibition brochure.

Focuses on the exhibition itself and traces the history of the American Folk Art Museum's interest in African American folk art, including drawings, paintings, sculpture, and quilts.

FREE. Download now in PDF format.

Tour itinerary

Dates Host Institution Status
2/2/2008 4/13/2008 Reynolda House Museum of Art, Winston-Salem, NC, Booked
8/2/2008 10/12/2008 The Dixon Gallery and Gardens, Memphis, TN, Booked
11/1/2008 1/11/2009 Call for Availability
1/31/2009 4/12/2009 Montgomery Museum of Fine Arts, Montgomery, AL, Booked
5/2/2009 7/12/2009 Delaware Art Museum, Wilmington, DE, Booked
8/1/2009 10/11/2009 Call for Availability

Media only: Miriam Keegan 202.633.3123, Public only: 202.633.1000 or TTY 202.633.5285. SITES Contacts: Michelle Torres-Carmona, 202.633.3143 (Scheduling) Parker Hayes, 202.633.3113 (Content/design)

Religion, Intact Families, and the Achievement Gap

William H Jeynes Professor - Department of Teacher Education Office: ED2 - 267 Phone: 562-985-5619 Email: wjeynes@csulb.edu

William H. Jeynes Department of Education California State University at Long Beach. Non-Resident Research Fellow Baylor Institute for Studies of Religion. New Baylor ISR Study Analyzes Minority Education Achievement Gap. Findings Reveal Similarities in Families Where Gap Is Eliminated. WASHINGTON, D.C. – The achievement gap between white students and their African American and Latino counterparts is not as immovable as many educators and social scientists believe, according to results from a new Baylor University Institute for Studies of Religion analysis of the National Education Longitudinal Study (NELS).

“The findings show that when highly religious African American and Latino students from intact families are compared with white students, the achievement gap disappears,” said Dr. William Jeynes, a non-resident scholar with the Baylor Institute for Studies of Religion (ISR) and professor of education at California State University in Long Beach.

Jeynes’ report was published in the Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion and released to the media April 3 in a news conference at the National Press Club in Washington, D.C.

WEB: Institute for Studies of Religion | News To download a complete study go to the Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion

White Children More Positive Toward Blacks After Learning About Racism, Study Shows

Rebecca S. Bigler, Ph.D. Professor. Email: bigler@psy.utexas.edu Phone: 471-9917 Lab: 471-6261 Office: SEA 5.210, Lab: SEA 1.218 (A-E). Gender and Racial Attitudes Lab. Rebecca S. Bigler received her Ph.D. from Pennsylvania State University. Her research interests are social cognition in children, gender role development, racial stereotyping. CURRICULUM VITAE in PDF format

AUSTIN, Texas — Challenging the idea that racism education could be harmful to students, a new study from The University of Texas at Austin found the results of learning about historical racism are primarily positive. The study appears in the November/December issue of the journal Child Development. Psychologists Rebecca Bigler and Julie Milligan Hughes found white children who received history lessons about discrimination against famous African Americans had significantly more positive attitudes toward African Americans than those who received lessons with no mention of racism. African-American children who learned about racism did not differ in their racial attitudes from those who heard lessons that omitted the racism information, the study showed. "There is considerable debate about when and how children should be taught about racism," says Bigler, director of the university's Gender and Racial Attitudes Lab. "But little research has examined elementary-school-aged children's cognitive and emotional reactions to such lessons."

To examine the consequences for white and African-American children of learning about historical racism, the researchers presented biographical lessons about 12 historical figures (six African Americans and six European Americans) to two groups of children ages 6-11.

Julie Milligan Hughes. Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin. 1 University Station A8000. Austin, TX . juliekmilligan@mail.utexas.edu 78712-0187 (512) 771-7916. CURRICULUM VITAE in DOC format

For each group, some lessons provided information about racism, such as racially biased hiring practices and segregation, while others omitted this information. After the lessons, the children were interviewed about their racial attitudes and reactions, including guilt, defensiveness and anger. Both white and black children who learned about racism were more likely to value racial fairness and to express greater satisfaction with the lesson. White children whose lessons included information on discrimination showed more defensiveness, had more racial guilt (if they were older than 7) and were less likely to accept stereotypical views about African Americans.

While the study shows learning about racism is beneficial to both black and white children, Bigler notes the lessons did not present information about the most violent forms of racial prejudice (for example, lynching).

"Additional work on the topic is needed so that we know how to best present to children some of the more abhorrent truths from U.S. history," Bigler says.

The National Science Foundation funded the research.

For more information, contact: Rebecca Bigler, professor, Department of Psychology, 512-471-9917; Tracy Mueller, public affairs specialist, College of Liberal Arts, 512-471-2404.

Anti-Discrimination PSAs Featuring Jazz Great Wynton Marsalis VIDEO

EEOC Launches Anti-Discrimination PSAs Featuring Jazz Great Wynton Marsalis WASHINGTON - Jazz great Wynton Marsalis laments that some employers "play a cacophonous tune called discrimination" in one of two video public service announcements that the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) unveiled today.

Both 30-second PSAs feature Marsalis and focus on the value of diversity in the workplace and the dangers of discrimination. The PSAs were produced in cooperation with Jazz at Lincoln Center (JALC) and shot at JALC's New York facility in October. The EEOC plans an aggressive push to air the PSAs on television and cable stations, on web sites and on radio. The spots are close-captioned for the hearing-impaired.

The announcements should help heighten awareness of race and color discrimination as the EEOC advances its national initiative to bring a fresh, 21st century approach to combating racism, which remains the most frequent claim filed with the agency. E-RACE (Eradicating Racism And Colorism from Employment) is an outreach, education, and enforcement campaign to advance the statutory right to a workplace free of race and color discrimination.

"The EEOC is proud to partner with Wynton Marsalis to convey this information," EEOC Chair Naomi C. Earp said. "His participation enhances our message and ensures that a broad audience will be apprised of the importance of equal employment opportunity."

In the spots, Marsalis speaks the following lines:

PSA 1

WHETHER IT'S BEETHOVEN OR BASIE, MUSIC BLENDS DIFFERENT NOTES AND DIFFERENT PEOPLE INTO SOMETHING VERY SPECIAL. IF WE ALL PLAYED THE SAME NOTES, THE MUSIC WOULD BE BORING. IT'S THE SAME WAY IN THE WORKPLACE. PEOPLE COME FROM DIFFERENT CULTURES AND BACKGROUNDS, BUT TO SUCCEED, THEY NEED TO WORK TOGETHER AS A TEAM. IT'S ABOUT EQUAL OPPORTUNITY.

PSA 2

WHEN WE CHOOSE MUSICIANS TO PLAY A PIECE OF MUSIC, WE DON'T CARE WHAT THEY LOOK LIKE; WE CARE HOW WELL THEY PLAY. THAT'S THE WAY EVERY JOB SHOULD BE, BUT IT ISN'T ALWAYS. SOME PEOPLE PLAY A CACOPHONOUS TUNE CALLED DISCRIMINATION. IT'S NOT JUST UNFAIR, MEAN-SPIRITED, AND COUNTERPRODUCTIVE; IT'S ALSO ILLEGAL. IT'S REALLY ALL ABOUT EQUAL OPPORTUNITY.

Marsalis, artistic director of Jazz at Lincoln Center, has won nine Grammy Awards, and is the only artist ever to win Grammy Awards for both jazz and classical records -- an accomplishment he repeated in consecutive years. His radio and television series were awarded the prestigious George Foster Peabody Award. In 1996, Time magazine celebrated Marsalis as one of America's 25 Most Influential People. In 1997, Marsalis became the first jazz musician ever to win the Pulitzer Prize for Music for his epic oratorio Blood on the Fields.

The EEOC is responsible for enforcing federal laws prohibiting employment discrimination. Further information about the EEOC is available on its web site at www.eeoc.gov.

CONTACT: Justine Lisser, Charles Robbins (202) 663-4191 TTY: (202) 663-4494

The race for the next U.S. presidency, The role of African American churches

A former program director for a Denver non-profit organization working to define leadership for Denver's black and Latino neighborhoods, Dr. Hudson is also former program director of the Young Americans Center for Financial Education, a nationally acclaimed program that heightens awareness of global economics, cultural consciousness and worldwide trade for Denver middle school students. Currently an assistant professor in the Department of African and African American Studies, Dr. Hudson definitely has a lot to bring to the table. He has a PhD in International Relations from the University of Denver; as well as having a Master's in International Relations (University of Central Oklahoma); and a BS in Humanities from the United States Air Force Academy. Having studied abroad at the Thomas More College of Liberal Arts in Rome and doing his dissertation fieldwork in South Africa, Dr. Hudson can provide an international expertise and perspective which will be extremely helpful to the AAS department as the department begins to make African Studies a more centralized spectrum of their curriculum. Dr. Hudson is sharing his experiences, both international and educational with his students. He is a welcome addition to the department, and his contributions are highly anticipated.

Denver – One of the most recent issues presented to the public in the run for the next U.S. presidency has been the role of the African American church in America. Derrick Hudson, assistant professor of African and African American Studies at Metropolitan State College of Denver, is available to provide perspective on why the words of the Rev. Dr. Jeremiah A. Wright, Jr., pastor of Sen. Barack Obama’s church, were controversial to some, but not to others. Specifically, he can address the history of “black social gospel.” According to Hudson, the role of the African American church today stems from its role during slavery in the U.S. “The pulpit was one of the only spaces and places for African Americans to gather,” says Hudson, who currently teaches Survey of African History and African Politics and Government. “As Toni Morrison reminds us in Beloved, Sunday morning was the only place where African Americans could be beautiful. That legacy helps to explain the ’crowns’ that many of our elder African American women wear on Sundays and the more formal nature of dress of black churches. In an existence of ’dumb anguish’ and sharecropping this was often the only time to be beautiful.” Hudson, who holds a Ph.D. in international relations, can provide a global view of “black social gospel” and politics, as he has studied in Italy, Africa and the U.S.

He conducted his dissertation fieldwork in South Africa, focusing on transitional justice issues, such as the role of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission in South Africa. Prior to his academic career, Hudson served as a captain in the United States Air Force, with tours in Saudi Arabia, Egypt, the former West Germany and Great Britain.

Hudson’s expertise includes: race relations, African Americans and U.S. politics, religious “literacy,” theological issues, urban studies and poverty, and globalization.

Contact Angelia McGowan at 303-556-5133 or angeliam@mscd.edu to coordinate an interview with Dr. Hudson. -30- WEB: Metropolitan State College of Denver

Makanda Ken McIntyre

Makanda, whose given name was "Kenneth Arthur McIntyre," was born on September 7, 1931 in Boston, Massachusetts. His parents, who were from Jamaica, raised him in the South End, a largely West Indian area. He picked up his first saxophone at the late age of 19 after being inspired by Charlie Parker. He made up for lost time through tireless practice and discipline.

After serving two years in the Army, Makanda earned his bachelors in Music Composition from the Boston Conservatory of Music in 1958, with a certificate in flute performance; a Masters in Music Composition from the Boston Conservatory in 1959. He took an Ed.D. in Curriculum Design from the University of Massachusetts at Amherst in 1975.

Makanda was known primarily for leading his own ensembles -- performing on alto saxophone, flute, bass clarinet, oboe and bassoon -- and being proficient on more than 16 instruments, including bass, drums and piano. His playing on all these instruments projected a highly energetic, celebratory life force.

His tremendous work ethic was evident throughout his life and his teachings. He committed himself to inspiring all people about music and believed in the unlimited potential of every student. Makanda taught extensively in the New York City schools and also served on the faculties of Central State University, Wesleyan University, Fordham University, Smith College, and the New School University Jazz and Contemporary Music Department. In 1971, he began a 24-year tenure at the State University of New York/College at Old Westbury. At Old Westbury, he founded and chaired the American Music, Dance and Theatre Program, which was one of the country's first departments dedicated to the arts in the African American tradition. Makanda designed and taught more than 10 courses in instrumental music, arranging, history, theory and composition. He retired as a professor emeritus from Old Westbury in 1995.

In 1983, Makanda founded The Contemporary African American Music Organization (CAAMO) to promote free expression and continuing education in music and the performing arts with African American origins. CAAMO held more than 250 performances and educational workshops throughout the New York area. The CAAMO orchestra performed in many venues, including Carnegie Recital Hall, throughout the 80's.

Makanda performed to great acclaim worldwide. He toured with the Beaver Harris and the 360-degree Experience, with Charlie Haden's Liberation Music Orchestra, and appeared on Cecil Taylor's groundbreaking album, Unit Structures. In the early 90's he was artist-in-residence Bolivia. In 1998, he served as a Jazz Ambassador to the Middle East under the auspices of the Kennedy Center and the United States Information Agency.

In addition to teaching and performing, Makanda composed and arranged songs and scores for film and TV specials. He served on The New York State Council for the Arts, National Endowment for the Arts, and was an active member of International Association of Jazz Educators, National Black Music Caucus and Local 802 Musicians Union. He also published numerous articles and music guidebooks and lectured internationally.

He had the privilege to perform and record with such artists as Nat Adderley, Walter Bishop, Jr., Joanne Brackeen, Jaki Byard, Ron Carter, Richard Davis, Eric Dolphy, Charlie Haden, Craig Harris, Sam Jones, David Murray, Charli Persip, Ben Riley, Warren Smith, Andrei Strobert, Arthur Taylor, and Reggie Workman.

It was in the early 90's that he changed his name to Makanda Ken McIntyre. While performing in Zimbabwe, a stranger handed him a piece of paper on which was written, "Makanda," which means "many skins" in the Ndebele language and "many heads" in Shona.

Makanda was devoted to his family, and named many tunes after them, including his mother, Blanche, his father, Arthur Augustus, his sister, Eileen Mercedes ("Puunti"), his first wife, Charlotte ("Charshee"), his sons Kaijee and Kheil, and his second wife, Joy. His song titles reflect a deep pride in his Jamaican heritage, his commitment to African American struggles, his spiritual nature, and his love of good food!

Makanda passed away at the age of 69 as a result of a heart attack on June 13, 2001, at his home in New York City.

PRESS RELEASE CONTACT: TERRY JENOURE, DIRECTOR Augusta Savage Gallery, Fine Arts Center WEB NEWS: University of Massachusetts Amherst 413-545-5177